Class CBSE Class 12 Mathematics Probability Q #1436
COMPETENCY BASED
UNDERSTAND
3 Marks 2025 AISSCE(Board Exam) SA
A person has a fruit box that contains 6 apples and 4 oranges. He picks out a fruit three times, one after the other, after replacing the previous one in the box. Find: (i) The probability distribution of the number of oranges he draws. (ii) The expectation of the random variable (number of oranges).

AI Tutor Explanation

Powered by Gemini

Detailed Solution

Step 1: Define the Random Variable

Let $X$ be the random variable representing the number of oranges drawn in three trials. $X$ can take values 0, 1, 2, or 3.

Step 2: Calculate the Probability of Drawing an Orange

The probability of drawing an orange in a single trial is $p = \frac{4}{10} = \frac{2}{5}$. The probability of not drawing an orange (i.e., drawing an apple) is $q = 1 - p = \frac{3}{5}$.

Step 3: Calculate the Probability Distribution

Since the trials are independent and the fruit is replaced each time, this is a binomial distribution with $n=3$ trials.

Step 4: Calculate P(X=0)

$P(X=0)$ is the probability of drawing no oranges (i.e., drawing apples in all three trials): $$P(X=0) = {3 \choose 0} p^0 q^3 = 1 \cdot 1 \cdot \left(\frac{3}{5}\right)^3 = \frac{27}{125}$$

Step 5: Calculate P(X=1)

$P(X=1)$ is the probability of drawing one orange: $$P(X=1) = {3 \choose 1} p^1 q^2 = 3 \cdot \left(\frac{2}{5}\right)^1 \cdot \left(\frac{3}{5}\right)^2 = 3 \cdot \frac{2}{5} \cdot \frac{9}{25} = \frac{54}{125}$$

Step 6: Calculate P(X=2)

$P(X=2)$ is the probability of drawing two oranges: $$P(X=2) = {3 \choose 2} p^2 q^1 = 3 \cdot \left(\frac{2}{5}\right)^2 \cdot \left(\frac{3}{5}\right)^1 = 3 \cdot \frac{4}{25} \cdot \frac{3}{5} = \frac{36}{125}$$

Step 7: Calculate P(X=3)

$P(X=3)$ is the probability of drawing three oranges: $$P(X=3) = {3 \choose 3} p^3 q^0 = 1 \cdot \left(\frac{2}{5}\right)^3 \cdot 1 = \frac{8}{125}$$

Step 8: Summarize the Probability Distribution

The probability distribution is: $X = 0: P(X=0) = \frac{27}{125}$ $X = 1: P(X=1) = \frac{54}{125}$ $X = 2: P(X=2) = \frac{36}{125}$ $X = 3: P(X=3) = \frac{8}{125}$

Step 9: Calculate the Expectation

The expectation of the random variable $X$ is given by: $E(X) = \sum x \cdot P(X=x) = 0 \cdot \frac{27}{125} + 1 \cdot \frac{54}{125} + 2 \cdot \frac{36}{125} + 3 \cdot \frac{8}{125} = \frac{0 + 54 + 72 + 24}{125} = \frac{150}{125} = \frac{6}{5} = 1.2$

Final Answer: Probability Distribution: P(X=0) = 27/125, P(X=1) = 54/125, P(X=2) = 36/125, P(X=3) = 8/125. Expectation: 6/5 or 1.2

AI generated content. Review strictly for academic accuracy.

Pedagogical Audit
Bloom's Analysis: This is an UNDERSTAND question because the student needs to understand the concept of binomial distribution and expectation to apply it to the given problem.
Knowledge Dimension: CONCEPTUAL
Justification: The question requires understanding of the concepts of probability distribution and expectation, rather than just recalling facts or following a specific procedure. The student needs to understand how these concepts apply in the context of repeated trials with replacement.
Syllabus Audit: In the context of CBSE Class 12, this is classified as COMPETENCY. The question assesses the student's ability to apply the concepts of probability and expectation in a real-world scenario involving repeated trials.