Class CBSE Class 12 Mathematics Definite Integrals Q #1410
KNOWLEDGE BASED
UNDERSTAND
3 Marks 2025 AISSCE(Board Exam) SA
Evaluate: $\int_{\pi/2}^{\pi}e^{x}\left(\frac{1-\sin x}{1-\cos x}\right)dx$.

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Detailed Solution

Step 1: Simplify the integrand

We start by simplifying the expression inside the integral. We have $$ \frac{1-\sin x}{1-\cos x} = \frac{1-\sin x}{1-\cos x} \cdot \frac{1+\cos x}{1+\cos x} = \frac{(1-\sin x)(1+\cos x)}{1-\cos^2 x} = \frac{1+\cos x - \sin x - \sin x \cos x}{\sin^2 x} $$ $$ = \frac{1}{\sin^2 x} + \frac{\cos x}{\sin^2 x} - \frac{\sin x}{\sin^2 x} - \frac{\sin x \cos x}{\sin^2 x} = \csc^2 x + \frac{\cos x}{\sin^2 x} - \frac{1}{\sin x} - \frac{\cos x}{\sin x} $$ $$ = \csc^2 x + \csc x \cot x - \csc x - \cot x $$ However, a more useful simplification is: $$ \frac{1-\sin x}{1-\cos x} = \frac{1-2\sin(x/2)\cos(x/2)}{2\sin^2(x/2)} = \frac{\sin^2(x/2) + \cos^2(x/2) - 2\sin(x/2)\cos(x/2)}{2\sin^2(x/2)} $$ $$ = \frac{(\cos(x/2) - \sin(x/2))^2}{2\sin^2(x/2)} = \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{\cos(x/2) - \sin(x/2)}{\sin(x/2)} \right)^2 = \frac{1}{2} \left( \cot(x/2) - 1 \right)^2 $$ $$ = \frac{1}{2} (\cot^2(x/2) - 2\cot(x/2) + 1) = \frac{1}{2} (\csc^2(x/2) - 1 - 2\cot(x/2) + 1) = \frac{1}{2} \csc^2(x/2) - \cot(x/2) $$ Thus, the integral becomes $$ \int_{\pi/2}^{\pi} e^x \left( \frac{1}{2} \csc^2(x/2) - \cot(x/2) \right) dx $$

Step 2: Apply integration by parts

Let $I = \int_{\pi/2}^{\pi} e^x \left( \frac{1}{2} \csc^2(x/2) - \cot(x/2) \right) dx$. We can rewrite this as $I = \int_{\pi/2}^{\pi} e^x \left( -\cot(x/2) + \frac{1}{2} \csc^2(x/2) \right) dx$. Consider the function $f(x) = -\cot(x/2)$. Then $f'(x) = \frac{1}{2} \csc^2(x/2)$. Thus, we have $I = \int_{\pi/2}^{\pi} e^x (f(x) + f'(x)) dx$. We know that $\int e^x (f(x) + f'(x)) dx = e^x f(x) + C$. Therefore, $I = \left[ e^x (-\cot(x/2)) \right]_{\pi/2}^{\pi} = - \left[ e^x \cot(x/2) \right]_{\pi/2}^{\pi}$.

Step 3: Evaluate the limits

Now we evaluate the limits: $$ I = - \left[ e^{\pi} \cot(\pi/2) - e^{\pi/2} \cot(\pi/4) \right] = - \left[ e^{\pi} (0) - e^{\pi/2} (1) \right] = - \left[ 0 - e^{\pi/2} \right] = e^{\pi/2} $$

Final Answer: $e^{\pi/2}$

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Pedagogical Audit
Bloom's Analysis: This is an UNDERSTAND question because the student needs to understand the properties of trigonometric functions and apply integration techniques to solve the problem. The student must also recognize the pattern of the integral to apply the correct formula.
Knowledge Dimension: PROCEDURAL
Justification: The question requires the student to apply specific procedures like trigonometric identities, simplification, and integration by parts to arrive at the solution.
Syllabus Audit: In the context of CBSE Class 12, this is classified as APPLICATION. The question requires the application of integration techniques and trigonometric identities, which are part of the CBSE Class 12 syllabus for Mathematics.